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Comprehensive modelling of precipitation and fouling in turbulent pipe flow. M. Kostoglou and A.J. Karabelas. Ind. Engng. Chem. Res., April 1998, 37(4), 1536--1550.

A technique for simulating precipitation phenomena in turbulent flow is discussed with particular reference to pipe wall fouling. Typical cases include plants processing inorganic compounds, hydrometallurgical units, and water management pipeline networks. Precipitation problems in transfer pipelines, heat exchangers, and other process equipment are also discussed. Physical processes occurring during the pipeline flow of supersaturated solutions are described and illustrated. Physicochemical processes and mathematical formulation are discussed. Models of physicochemical processes are described with reference to nucleation, particle growth, ionic deposition, coagulation, and particulate deposition. These aspects are reviewed in mathematical terms. 93 refs.
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