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Disposal of heavy oil residues. Part 1. F. Tamburrano. Hydrocarbon Processing, September 1994, 73(9), 79--84.

Options available for the disposal of atmospheric residues, vacuum gas oil and vacuum residues are considered. They include immediate use as bunker fuel, use for power generation, or for firing industrial boilers. Other methods involve upgrading by conversion to higher-demand products, and the use of gasification processes. The future supply and demand situation is reviewed and environmental issues are discussed. Refinery processing to lighter and more valuable products involve either carbon removal or hydrogen addition. The techniques described are thermal cracking, coking, fluid catalytic cracking, deasphalting, catalytic hydrotreating, hydrodesulphurization and hydrocracking. Advantages and limitations of these processing options are discussed.
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