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Pipelines expected to benefit from USGS mapping programme. M.D. Sanders and A. Bury. Pipeline Gas ind., May 1998, 81(5), 37--43.

An extensive mapping programme by the US Geological Survey (USGS) is described. Aerial photographs provide a nationwide grid of Digital Ortho-rectified Quarter Quadrangle (DOQQ) data from which a project planner produces geo-referenced imagery of a large area. Quality and specifications are discussed. Ortho-photos combine the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. Applications of USGS quad maps and the data stored in DOQQ are reviewed and the pipeline benefits are described. Regulatory compliance, risk assessment, emergency response planning, map record maintenance and other aspects that include network simulations are all discussed.
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