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Conquer heat exchanger fouling. R. Mukherjee. Hydrocarbon Processing, January 1996, 75(1), 121--127.

The importance of designing tube-and-shell heat exchangers to minimize the effects of fouling is discussed. Causes of fouling are identified as precipitation, particulates, chemical reactions, corrosion, biological factors, and solidification fouling. Effects of flow velocity, temperature, construction materials and surface finish are considered and different heat exchanger designs to reduce fouling problems are described and illustrated. They include plate, spiral-plate, fluidized bed, and direct-contact designs. Two case studies compare performance aspects of original and revised heat exchanger designs. Guidelines are given to help minimize fouling and to ensure stable heat transfer. 13 refs.

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