The report is based on a review of cases focused on climate change law, policy or science collected up to 31 December 2022 by the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University. Published a day ahead of the first anniversary of the UN General Assembly’s declaration of access to a clean and healthy environment as a ‘universal human right’, its findings suggest that as climate litigation increases in frequency and volume worldwide, the body of legal precedent is forming an increasingly well-defined field of law.

‘Climate policies are far behind what is needed to keep global temperatures below the 1.5°C threshold, with extreme weather events and searing heat already baking our planet,’ comments Inger Andersen, Executive Director of UNEP. ‘People are increasingly turning to courts to combat the climate crisis, holding governments and the private sector accountable, and making litigation a key mechanism for securing climate action and promoting climate justice.’

The total number of climate change cases has more than doubled since a first report on the issue, rising from 884 in 2017 to 2,180 in 2022. While most cases have been brought in the US, climate litigation is taking root all over the world, with about 17% of cases now being reported in developing countries, including Small Island Developing States (SIDS), according to the report.

These legal actions were brought in 65 bodies worldwide – in international, regional, and national courts, tribunals, quasi-judicial bodies, and other adjudicatory bodies, including special procedures of the UN and arbitration tribunals.

The report also demonstrates how the voices of vulnerable groups are being heard globally, with 34 cases being brought by and on behalf of children and youth under 25 years old, including by girls as young as seven and nine years of age in Pakistan and India respectively, while in Switzerland, plaintiffs are making their case based on the disproportionate impact of climate change on senior women.

Notable cases have challenged government decisions based on a project’s inconsistency with the goals of the Paris Agreement or a country’s net zero commitments. Growing awareness of climate change in recent years has also spurred action against corporations – these include cases seeking to hold fossil fuel companies and other greenhouse gas emitters responsible for climate harm, says UNEP.

According to the report, most ongoing climate litigation falls into one or more of six categories: 

• Cases relying on human rights enshrined in international law and national constitutions. 
• Challenges to domestic non-enforcement of climate-related laws and policies.
• Litigants seeking to keep fossil fuels in the ground.  
• Advocates for greater climate disclosures and an end to greenwashing. 
• Claims addressing corporate liability and responsibility for climate harms.  
• Claims addressing failures to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

The report demonstrates how courts are finding strong human rights linkages to climate change. It claims that this is ‘leading to greater protections for the most vulnerable groups in society, as well as increased accountability, transparency and justice, compelling governments and corporations to pursue more ambitious climate change mitigation and adaptation goals’.

In the future, the report predicts a rise in the number of cases dealing with climate migration, cases brought by Indigenous peoples, local communities and other groups disproportionately affected by climate change, and cases addressing liability following extreme weather events. It also anticipates challenges in applying the science of climate attribution as well as a rise in ‘backlash’ cases against litigants which aim to dismantle regulations that promote climate action.

Click here to read more about the rise of climate litigation.