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Emerging microbial control issues in cooling water systems. S.G. Choudhary. Hydrocarbon Processing, May 1998, 77(5), 91--102.

Problems created by microbial infestations in cooling water systems are reviewed and control procedures are discussed. Microbial problems are described as bacterial, fungal and algal growths. Stages in biofilm formation, and electrical and microbial processes are described and illustrated. The structure of micro-organisms, metabolism, energy and nutrient requirements are discussed. Fouling problems are reviewed and corrosion by aerobic, anaerobic, and pitting mechanisms are described. Microbiological control methods using oxidizing biocides, non-oxidizing biocides, and copper salts are considered. New strategies involve the use of biodispersants and enzymes to prevent micro-organisms attacking the surfaces. Eleven recommendations for cooling tower design and operation are given. 13 refs.
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