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Boiler circulation calculations. V. Ganapathy. Hydrocarbon Processing, January 1998, 77(1), 101--106.
Natural circulation water tube and fire tube boilers and forced-circulation boilers are described and illustrated. The former types are preferred and reasons are given. Circulation ratio is defined as the ratio of the mass of steam/water mixture to steam generation. Computing the various losses is described using mathematical expressions for total thermal head, downcomer losses, heated riser losses, external riser losses, riser gravity loss, and losses in drum internals. An example calculation is presented. The complexity of circulation studies is discussed and heat fluxes and steam quality must be determined at various points in the system. 3 refs.
Abstract details
Journal title: Hydrocarbon Processing
Subjects: Resource use and management, Fire detection and prevention, Boilers, Steam, Refining, Heat, Primary energy production, Risers
